A hypotonic solution is the one that has a higher solute concentration inside the cell than outside. I am searching for a good reference for osmosis from a physicochemicalthermodynamical point of view. Online shopping from a great selection at books store. Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively. I am searching for a good reference for osmosis from a physicochemical thermodynamical point of view. Development of ro membranes with high thermal and chemical stability. The wikibook school science has a page on the topic of. The most comprehensive and uptodate coverage of reverse osmosis in industrial applications. Membrane processes principles and practices of reverse osmosis o. The book also describes, in detail, experimental methods for setting up ro experiments, ro membrane modules, ro membrane systems.
This green technology is becoming more and more widely used in many settings, especially in industry. Chemistry in the operation and maintenance of reverse osmosis systems. Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent. The standard treatment of osmosis in thermodynamics employs the concept of the chemical potential and does not give any clues. The condition for this is that the chemical potential of the solvent since only it is free to flow. The book chapter consists of three main titles firstly including introduction section, the second of which states a literature survey on early definitions of diaphragm. Your browser does not support frames, so this page, which is part of the site builder workshop, does not include site navigation.
Membrane technology, water chemistry, and industrial applications 9780442239640. The difference in height expresses the osmotic pressure. A difference of height is observed between both compartments when the chemical potential is equalized. Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and hybrid systems process, design, applications and economics. Introduction the chemistry of water can be thought of as being constructed from the basic building blocks shown in figure 7. Reverse osmosis is rapidly growing as a water treatment technology used for many applications, such as boiler feed water and recovering wastwater for reuse.
Anomalous osmosis with gold beaters skin membranes, easton, pa. Permeability depends on solubility, charge, or chemistry, as well as solute size. Reverse osmosis starts with an overview of the historic development of the ro membrane, the ro process, and its effect on other membrane separation processes. The low energy requirements of reverse osmosis, the importance of continuous bactericide in all water systems, and the importance of periodic dye rejection checks of the reverse osmosis system are. As a chemical developer of antiscalants, antifoulants, and operation and maintenance chemicals needed for ro. Morin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss figure 5. Is there a good reference paper or book for the topic osmosis.
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